Sumo in Japan, a revered sport

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In the circular arena, loincloth-clad giants compete according to timeless rituals. More than just a sport, sumo embodies a sacred tradition at the heart of Japanese culture. Combining discipline, honor, and spectacle, it fascinates as much as it impresses. Discover the essentials you need to know about sumo in Japan in this magazine.

Sumo: origin and definition

Sumo has its origins in the founding stories of ancient Japan, where it was linked to Shinto religious practices. Long before it was a sport, it was a ritual intended to honor the deities and ensure the fertility of the land. Over the centuries, the discipline evolved into a codified spectacle at the imperial court, then a martial art used by the samurai. It wasn't until the 17th century that it took on the modern form it is known today. Sumo thus embodies a living heritage, combining spiritual tradition, cultural transmission, and demanding ancestral discipline .

What are the rules and rituals associated with sumo wrestling?

Sumo is distinguished by a strict codification , both in the rules of combat and in the rituals surrounding it. Each wrestler, called rikishi (sumo wrestler), adopts a specific stage name and fights without distinction of weight. This makes each confrontation unpredictable. All wear a mawashi, a type of traditional belt, and sport a typical bun hairstyle . Before the fight, the two opponents climb onto the dohyō (fighting arena), a circular platform made of clay, after being announced by the yobidashi . The purification ritual then begins, with codified gestures such as shiko (raising the legs), throwing salt and symbolic rinsing of the mouth.

This Shinto ceremony aims to ward off impurities and mentally prepare the wrestlers. The fight begins as soon as the two rivals bring their fists to the ground and violently collide in a tachi-ai . To win, one must throw one's opponent out of the circle or force him to touch the ground with a part of the body other than the feet. The slightest misstep, such as losing the mawashi, results in immediate defeat. Each encounter combines brute force, mastery of technique, and respect for ritual. The winner is distinguished not only by his power, but also by his discipline and ability to embody the spirit of sumo .

Techniques used during sumo

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In sumo's circular arena, strategy isn't based solely on brute force. Each fight involves a range of precise moves, inherited from centuries-old traditions and governed by strict rules.

Belt grab projections

Among the most common techniques, those involving the mawashi are extremely effective. By firmly gripping the opponent's belt, the wrestler can unbalance and throw the opponent outside the circle. These moves require strength, agility, and perfect stability and grounding. Here are some typical examples:

• Uwatenage: projection with an external grip on the mawashi
  

• Shitatenage: internal projection by pulling towards the ground
  

• Yorikiri: force the opponent out of the circle by pushing him directly
  
  

Authorized strikes during combat

Some offensive actions are tolerated in sumo, provided they comply with the rules. Open slaps, shoulder strikes, and direct thrusts are used to disorient the opponent or force them back. However, any attack made with closed fists, as well as violent gestures aimed at sensitive parts of the body (eyes, throat, lower abdomen), are strictly prohibited. These strikes are not only a means of creating physical impact. They also serve to create an opening in the opponent's guard, allowing for a quick follow-up with a decisive throw or thrust.

Imbalances and counters

Sumo also relies on the art of taking advantage of your opponent's imbalance. Consistent counter-attack techniques leverage the opponent's strength or thrust to bring them to the ground or out of the ring. This requires a great deal of intuition and speed of execution. Some notable examples:

• Tsukiotoshi: lateral push that causes loss of balance

• Hatakikomi: upward strike followed by a downward thrust

• Uwatedashinage: backward projection to draw the opponent forward

Direct thrusts and frontal loads

From the very beginning of the bout, wrestlers can choose a more direct approach. By opting for a frontal advance or a violent impact, they aim to quickly dominate the confrontation. This type of technique, often spectacular, relies on explosiveness, balance, and coordination.

What is the lifestyle of sumo fighters?

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The life of a sumo wrestler is based on a strict daily discipline, structured around training , nutrition, and respect for traditions. Far from being a simple contact sport, sumo imposes a true way of life where every gesture, every moment of the day is codified. Between physical demands, collective practices, and strict hierarchy, this daily routine aims to shape a powerful body and a resilient mind.

This rigorous living environment aims to optimize performance while respecting the customs of sumo, where every detail counts.

What are the rites and customs surrounding the sumo ring?

Around the dohyō , the atmosphere blends tradition and popular fervor, creating an experience that is both solemn and lively. Far from modern events dominated by technology, sumo tournaments (basho) retain a staging imbued with symbolism. No giant screen disrupts the view of the ring; everything is centered on the wrestlers and the codified gestures. Before each bout, a pre-fight ceremony symbolically marks the opening of the duel, embodying mutual respect and the spirituality of the moment.

The audience, though respectful, loudly expressed its enthusiasm, especially during duels between emblematic figures. Among these, the yokozuna (grand champion) was revered for his power as much as for his moral exemplarity.

Where and when to follow sumo?

Sumo, Japan's iconic national sport, is practiced primarily in the country's major cities, with a notable concentration in the Tokyo region . The main competitions are held in specific halls called kokugikan , veritable sanctuaries dedicated to this traditional Japanese wrestling.

The fights follow a hierarchical order: the lower-ranked athletes open the day, while the most anticipated clashes take place in the late afternoon. The major tournaments take place in:

• January, May and September in Tokyo;
  

• March in Osaka;
  

• July in Nagoya; and
  

• November in Fukuoka.
  
  

Following a tournament is a unique experience, rich in rituals, intensity and Japanese tradition.